CBSE Class 12 Notes: PCMB Chapterwise Handwritten Notes, NCERT Solutions PDF & Latest Syllabus

CBSE Class 12 Notes for Physics, Chemistry, Maths and Biology subjects are provided in this article. Class 12 PCMB Notes have been prepared as per the latest CBSE class 12 syllabus. Important topics in each chapter, mark distribution, NCERT Solutions, practicals, popular books and additional reference sources are also provided so that the students can have a clear understanding of the subject and prepare accordingly for their CBSE class 12 board examinations.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes

CBSE class 12 Physics syllabus has a total of 14 chapters categorised into 9 units under two terms. 

Check: Detailed CBSE Class 12 Physics Syllabus

The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.

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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields

This chapter deals with extensive studies on electric charges and fields. This chapter also describes Gauss's law, Coulomb's law, and dipoles in a unified external field. The important notes in this chapter are:

• Electric Charges
• Conservation of Charge
• Electric dipole
• Electric flux
• Electric field

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

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Chapter 2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

This chapter describes the concepts of electrostatic potential and capacitance, and related concepts such as electric dipole potential, and so on. Here are some important notes about the Electrostatic Potential and Capability chapter:

• Electrostatic Potential
• Energy Stored in a Capacitor
• Dielectric Constant
• Combination of Capacitors
• Electrostatic Shielding
• Van de Graff Generator

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

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Chapter 3: Current Electricity

This chapter- Current Electricity includes the topics Resistor Colour Codes. In this chapter the students will be able to get expkanations of the concepts like- Ampere, Draft Velocity, and Electromotive Force. Here are the important topics from this chapter- 

• Electric Current
• Wheatstone Bridge
• Meter Bridge
• Potentiometer
• Combination of Resistors-Series and Parallel
• Cells in Series and in Parallel

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

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Chapter 4: Moving Charges and Magnetism

This chapter, Moving Charges and Magnetism, explained the basic concepts of magnetism using the concepts of Savar's law, and Ampere's circulation law. Here are some important links from this chapter:

• Magnetic Force and Magnetic Field
• The Moving Coil Galvanometer
• The Solenoid and the Toroid
• Lorentz Force
• Cyclotron

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

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Chapter 5: Magnetism and Matter

This chapter includes the basic relationships between magnetism with other matters. In this chapter related concepts like Magnetism and Gauss’s Law, Ferromagnetism, Magnetic Susceptibility, Magnetic Poles are also explained. The important topics from this chapter include:

• Magnetic Properties of Materials
• Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity
• Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets
• The Earth’s Magnetism
• Magnetometer

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Chapter 6: Electromagnetic Induction

With the references of the previous chapter, this one includes the explanations of the concepts like Magnetic Flux, Faraday’s Law of Induction, Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy. This chapter also includes the detailed studies of Unit of Magnetic Flux, Motional emf. The important topics from this chapter include-Important notes for Electromagnetic Induction chapter include:

• Electromagnetism
• Eddy Currents
• Inductance
• AC Generator
• Electromagnetic Damping

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Chapter 7: Alternating Current

Here the concept related to Alternating Current are explained with topics like- Transformers, Power Factor, Types of AC Motors. The important topics from this chapter-Important notes for Alternating Current chapter include:

• LC Oscillations
• Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor
• AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor
• AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit
• AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

Chapter 8: Electromagnetic Waves

This chapter is an introductory chapter to the concept- Electromagnetic Waves along with the ideas of Maxwell Equations, Gamma Radiation. Here are the other important topics from this chapter:

• Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Displacement Current
• X Ray
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Radio Waves
• Infrared Radiation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Chapter 9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

This chapter portrays the ideas of Refraction and Reflection. Important notes for Ray Optics and Optical Instruments chapter include:

• Reflection of Light by Spherical Mirrors
• Refraction
• Total Internal Reflection
• Optical Instruments
• Refraction through a Prism
• Dispersion by a Prism

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

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Chapter 10: Wave Optics

The chapter includes the study of the relations between lights and wave that helps it to spread. This chapter allso explains related concepts like- Huygens Principle, Brewster's Law and Coherent Sources. Important notes for Wave Optics chapter include:

• Polarisation
• Diffraction
• Coherent and Incoherent Addition of Waves
• Interference of Light Waves and Young’s Experiment
• Raman Scattering

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

Chapter 11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

This chapter introduced the concept like- Experimental Study of Photoelectric Effect, Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation in details. Important notes for Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter chapter include:

• Photoelectric Effect
• Davisson and Germer Experiment
• Electron Emission
• Particle Nature of Light: The Photon
• Quantum Theory Of Light

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

Also Read:

Chapter 12: Atoms

This chapter includes a detailed knowledge of Atoms along with other concepts like Alpha Particle Mass, Modern Physics, Fermi Energy. Important notes for Atoms chapter include:

• Alpha-particle Scattering and Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom
• Atomic Spectra
• Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom
• Laser
•  Alpha Particle Mass

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

Also Read:

Chapter 13: Nuclei

This Chapter includes the detailed study for the concept Nuclei. It also includes other important topics like- Beta Decay, Nuclear Physics, and Readioactive Decay. Here are some of the important topics from this chapter:

• Mass-Energy and Nuclear Binding Energy
• Nuclear Force
• Positron
• Nuclear Energy
• Mass Energy Equivalence

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 marks to 3 marks.

Also Read:

Chapter 14: Semiconductor Electronics

The concepts of Semiconductor Electronics are introduced along with other related concepts like- Transitor, Fullwave Rectifier, and Half Wave Rectifier. Important notes for Semiconductor Electronics chapter include:

• Varactor diode
• Intrinsic Semiconductor
• Extrinsic Semiconductor
• p-n Junction
• Semiconductor Diode
• Integrated Circuits
• Junction Transistor
• Digital Electronics and Logic Gates
• Full Wave Rectifier
• Half Wave Rectifier

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 2 questions of 1 marks to 5 marks.

Also Read:

Class 12 Physics Practicals

Class 12 Physics Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:

• Two Practicals - 8 + 8 marks
• Record Work - 7 marks
• Viva Voce - 7 marks

The list of Class 12 Physics practicals is tabulated below.

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CBSE Class 12 Chemistry Notes

CBSE class 12 Chemistry syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms. 

Check: Detailed Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.

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Chapter 1: Solutions

The idea of Solutions, along with it’s properties, Ideal and Non-ideal, Azeotrope, Factors Affecting Solubility​. Important topics of Solutions chapter include:

• Types of Solutions
• Solubility
• Abnormal Molar Masses
• Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions
• Mole fraction
• Colligative properties

Expected Number of Questions: Around 2 to 3 questions of 1 to 3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 2: Electrochemistry

This chapter is an introduction to Electrochemistry, along with other related topics like- Electrochemical Cells, Batteries, Electrolytic Cell. ​Important topics of Electrochemistry chapter include:

• Electrochemical Cells
• Electrolytic Cells
• Nernst Equation
• Batteries
• Fuel Cells
• Corrosion
• Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 - 3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 3: Chemical Kinetics

The basic fundamental ideas related to Chemical Kinetics, such as- Surface Chemistry, First Order Reactions, Pseudo First Order Reaction are explained in this chapter. Important topics of Chemical Kinetics chapter include:

• Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• Integrated Rate Equations
• Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions
• Order of Reaction
• Arrhenius Equation
• Zero Order Reaction

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1 - 3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 4: d & f-Block Elements

This particular chapter deals with the d and f block elements as well as the related concepts like- Chlorine, lanthanoids contraction, Actinium. Important topics of d & f-Block Elements chapter include:

• Group 18 Elements
• Hydrogen Chloride
• K₂Cr₂O₇
• Lanthanum
• Actinoids
• Magnetic properties transition elements

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 4 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 5: Coordination Compounds

In this chapter the basic ideas of Coordination Compounds along with other related concepts like- Coordination number, Wilkinsons Catalyst. Important topics of Coordination Compounds chapter include:

• Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds
• Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds
• Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
• Bonding in Metal Carbonyls
• Lewis acids
• Ligands

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 4 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 6: Haloalkenes and Haloarenes

The concept of Haloalkanes and Haloarenes are described with other concepts like Finkelstein reaction, optical isomerism, Enantiomers and Ester Hydrolysis in rhis chapter. Important topics of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes chapter include:

• Classification of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
• Nomenclature of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
• Physical Properties of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
• Chemical Reactions of Haloalkenes and Haloarenes
• Grignard reagent 
• Iodoform, freons, DDT

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 7: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

This chapter deals with the fundamental ideas of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers along with other related cocepts like- Friedel Crafts reaction, Lucas Test etc. Important topics of Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers chapter include:

• Alcohol structure hydroxyl group
• Reimer Tiemann reaction
• Friedel Crafts reaction
• Dehydration Of Alcohols
• Wittig Reaction
• Williamson Synthesis
• Ether Preparation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 8: Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid

The topics related to Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids are described in this chapter. It also deals with important topics like- Nucleophilic Addition Reaction , Etard reaction.Important topics of Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acid chapter include:

• Carboxylic Acids
• Aldol condensation
• Cannizzaro reaction
• Iodoform Test
• Carbonyl Compounds
• Fehling Test

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 6 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 9: Amines

This chapter can be considered as the detailed studies related of– Sandmeyer reaction, Gatterman reaction, Coupling Reaction. Important topics of Amines chapter include:

• Structure of Amines
• Method of Preparation of Diazonium Salts
• Sandmeyer reaction
• Gatterman reaction
• Coupling Reaction
• Sulphonation

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 6 questions of 1 - 5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 10: Biomolecules

This chapter can be considered as a detailed studies of Biomolecules along with other imortant topics such as- amylose, glutamic acid, histidine, oligosaccharide, aspartic acid, anthocyanins, etc. Important topics of Biomolecules chapter include:

• Carbohydrates
• Classification
• Sucrose
• Maltose
• Structure of proteins
• Proteins
• Enzymes
• Vitamins
• Nucleic Acids
• Hormones

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1 - 5 marks 

Also Read:

Class 12 Chemistry Practicals

Class 12 Chemistry Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:

• Volumetric Analysis - 8 marks
• Salt Analysis - 8 marks
• Record Work - 7 marks
• Viva Voce - 7 marks

The list of Class 12 Chemistry practicals is tabulated below.

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CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Notes

CBSE class 12 Mathematics syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms. 

Check: Detailed Class 12 Mathematics Syllabus

The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.

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Chapter 1: Relation and Function

This chapter deals with various binary functions, such as- binary addition, binary subtraction, binary division, Onto Function etc.Important topics covered in Relation and Function chapter are: 

• Types of Relations
• Types of Functions
• Binary Operations
• Ordered Pairs

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 2: Inverse Trigonometric Functions

This chapter introduced the concept of InverseTrigonometry, and deals with the in depth study related to it including- Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions, Inverse Tan, etc.Important topics covered in Inverse Trigonometric Functions chapter are:

• Sine function
• Cosine Function
• Tangent Function 
• Secant Function
• Cotangent Function
• Cosecant Function
• Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 3: Matrices

In this chapter the detailed idea related to Matrix is explained along with the related topics like- Diagonal matrix, Scalar matrix, Identity matrix, Column Matrix, Row Matrix. Important topics covered in Matrices chapter are:

• Types of Matrices
• Operations in Matrices
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
• Invertible Matrices

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 4: Determinants

This chapter deals with the core concepts of Determinants along with the other prominant mathematical theories. For example- Applications of Determinants and Matrices, Area of a Triangle, Non Singular Matrix. Important topics covered in Determinants chapter are:

• Properties of Determinants
• Minors and Cofactors
• Determinant of a Matrix

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 5: Continuity and Differentiability

Here the ideas of Continuity and Differentiability and the relation between them are discussed. This chapter also includes- Logarithmic Differentiation, Continuous Function, Second Order Derivative. Important topics covered in Continuity and Differentiability chapter are:

• Mean Value Theorem
• Rolle’s Theorem
• Limits
• Euler’s Number
• Quotient Rule

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 7 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 6: Application of Derivatives

This chapter will help the students to understand the applications related to Derivatives in details, along with the other related topics like- interpolation formula, lagrange interpolation formula, linear approximation formula. Important topics covered in Application of Derivatives chapter are:

• Increasing and Decreasing Functions
• Tangents and Normals
• Approximations
• Maxima and Minima

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 7 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 7: Integrals

This chapter deals with the concept Integrals and various functions related to it. It includes- Methods of Integration, Integration by Partial Fractions, Integration by Parts, Definite Integral as well.Important topics covered in Integrals Chapter are:

• Double Integral
• Continuous Integration
• Properties of Definite Integral
• Line Integral
• Integrals of Particular Function

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 8: Application of Integrals

This chapter can be considered as an extensive study related to the previous chapter, along with Definite Integral Formula .Important topics covered in Application of Integrals Chapter are:

• Trapezoidal Rule
• Simpsons Rule
• Area under the curve

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 9: Differential Equation

This chapter deals with the concept of Differential Equation. In this chapter other related topics like- Differential Equations Applications, First Order Differential Equation are also discussed.Important topics covered in Differential Equation Chapter are:

• First order linear differential equations
• Partial differential equations
• Ordinary differential equations
• Homogeneous differential equations

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 8 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 10: Vector Equation

This chapter is an introductory chapter to Vector. It incudes some important topics like Position Vector, Direction Cosines, Unit Vector, Equal Vector as well. Important topics covered in Vector Equation Chapter are:

• Types of Vectors
• Addition of Vectors
• Negative of a Vector
• Triangle law of Vector addition
• Magnitude of a vector

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 4 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 11: Three Dimensional Geometry

The basic ideas of dimentional geometry are explained in this chapter here along with the other concepts like, Angle Between Two Vectors, section formula 3 dimension etc. Important topics covered in Three dimensional geometry Chapter are:

• Angle between two lines
• Plane
• Angle between line and plane
• Angle between two vectors
• Coplanarity

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 4 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 11- Three Dimensional Geometry

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Chapter 12: Linear Programming

This chapter includes the fundamental studies related to linear programming. Important topics covered in Linear Programming Chapter are:

• Optimization
• Graphical method of Linear Programming

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Maths Chapter 12- Linear Programming

Chapter 13: Probability

This chapter deals with Probability, along with other important topics like- Bias, difference between mutually exclusive and independent events.Important topics covered in Probability Chapter are:

• Conditional Probability
• Multiplication Theorem on Probability
• Independent Events
• Bayes Theorem

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

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CBSE Class 12 Biology Notes

CBSE class 12 Biology syllabus has a total of 13 chapters categorised into 6 units under two terms. 

Check: Class 12 Biology Syllabus

The mark-wise distribution for each of these units are tabulated below.

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Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms

This chapter includes various topics related to the sexual reproduction in flowering plants.Important topics covered in Reproduction in Organisms Chapter are:

• Asexual reproduction
• Binary fission
• Budding
• Fragmentation
• Sporulation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

This chapter contains various topics related to  sexual reproduction of flowering plants. Important topics covered in Sexual Reproduction in flowering Plants Chapter are:

• Flower structure
• Vegetative propagation in plants
• Pollination
• Gemmule formation
• Double fertilization
• Parthenocarpy

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

This chapter introduced the concept of the human reproductive system and other related topics like- Fertilization, stem cells .Important topics covered in Human Reproduction Chapter are:

• Male and Female Reproductive system
• Menstrual cycle
• Female Hormones
• Implantation
• Lactation

Expected Nmber of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

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Chapter 4: Reproductive Health

This chapter is an extensive study related to the previous chapter. It deals with the concept of Infertility and other health issues related to the reproductive helath as well. Important topics covered in Reproductive Health Chapter are:

• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs)
• Birth control
• Medical termination of pregnancy
• Infant Mortality Rate
• Contraception
• Syphili
• Amniocentesis

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 5: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

In this chapter the Principles of Inheritance and Variationare discussed along with the ideas of Linkage and crossing over, Colour blindness, Thalassemia, Hemophilia. Important topics covered in Principles of Inheritance and Variation Chapter are:

• Mendelian Inheritance
• Incomplete Dominance
• Pleiotropy
• Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
• Chromosomes and Genes
• Down’s Syndrome

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

This chapter is an extensive part of the previous chapters. It includes topics like- DNA packaging, DNA replication, Genetic code, Genome, DNA as well. Important topics covered in Molecular Basis of Inheritance Chapter are:

• Structure of DNA
• Structure of RNA
• Transcription
• Lac operon
• Genome and Genomics
• DNA fingerprinting

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 7: Evolution

This chapter is all about Evolution and it deals with the related topics like Lamarckism, Palaeontology, Origin of Life etc. Important topics covered in Evolution Chapter are:

• Origin and Evolution of Man
• Mechanism of Evolution
• Charles darwin theory
• Homo erectus
• Genetic drift
• Embryology
• Gene flow

Expected Number of Questions: 2 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases

This chapter various human diseases are described with their causes as well as their efects on the human health. This chapter includes- Pathogens, Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, etc. Important topics covered in Human Health and Diseases Chapter are:

• Health
• Disease
• Immunity
• Cancer
• AIDS 
• Metastasis
• Alcohol and Drug Abuse
• NCERT Solutions for Human Health and Disease

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food production

The ideas about microbes in human welfare are explained in this chapter along with the ideas of Ganga action plan, Leprosy, vitamin b 12 deficiency etc. Important topics covered in Strategies for Enhancement in Food production Chapter are:

• Plant Breeding
• Biofortification
• Green Revolution
• Inbreeding Depression
• Mutagens
• Mutation
• Micro Propagation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

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Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare

This chapter provides the ideas about microbes in human welfare here that includes the ideas of Ganga action plan, Leprosy, vitamin b 12 deficiency etc.Important topics covered in Microbes in Human Welfare Chapter are:

• Sewage Treatment
• Antibiotics
• Fertilizers
• Microbiology
• Microbes in production of biogas

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 11: Biotechnology Principles and Processes

This chapter introduced the core ideas of Biotechnology. It includes related topics like the applications of biotechnologies, Extinction, Endengered Species and pcr etcImportant topics covered in Biotechnology Principles and Processes Chapter are:

• Genetic Engineering
• Recombinant DNA Technology
• Biotechnology and its applications
• DNA Cloning
• Restriction Enzymes
• Bioprocessing

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications

This chapter is an extensive study connected with the previous chapter. In this chapter related topics like Plasmid Definition, GEAC, etc.Important topics covered in Biotechnology and Its Applications Chapter are:

• Biotechnology In Agriculture
• Applications of Enzymes
• Transgenic Animals
• Genetically modified organisms
• Human insulin
• RNA Interference

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 5 questions of 1-5 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 13: Organisms and Population

This chapter includes a detailed study of Organisms and Populations, along with the concept of studying population by quadrat method.Important topics covered in Organisms and Population Chapter are:

• Population
• Population interactions
• Mutualism
• Predation
• Parasitism
• Commensalism

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Organisms and Population

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Chapter 14: Ecosystem

This chapter deals with a very important topic- Ecosystem. In this chapter the related topics like Photosynthetically active radiation, Phosphorus Cycle, Abiotic Factors, etc. Important topics covered in Ecosystem Chapter are:

• Importance of Ecosystem
• Carbon Cycle
• Biomass
• Energy flow in ecosystem
• Aquatic Ecosystem
• Terrestrial Ecosystem

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation

In this chapter, related topics like Biodiversity conservation, Hotspots, Endemic Species are explained. Important topics covered in Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter are:

• Biosphere reserves
• Loss of biodiversity
• National parks
• Ramsar sites
• Red Data Book
• Sanctuaries
• Wildlife
• Mass extinctions
• NCERT Solution for Biodiversity and Conservation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read:

Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

This chapter deals with the basic kowledges about the envioronmental issues that we face in our daily lives. Important topics covered in Environmental Issues Chapter are:

• Pollution
• Ecology and environment
• Effects of air Pollution
• Environmental Protection Act 1986
• Biodiversity conservation

Expected Number of Questions: 1 to 3 questions of 1-3 marks

Also Read: NCERT Solutions for Environmental Issues

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Class 12 Biology Practicals

Class 12 Biology Practicals carries 30 marks. The mark distribution for practicals is as follows:

• Two Practicals - 5 + 4 marks
• Slide Preparation - 5 marks
• Spotting - 7 marks
• Record Work - 4 marks
• Viva Voce - 5 marks

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CBSE Class 12 English Notes

Class 12 English syllabus is divided into three books- Flamingo, Vistas, and Kaleidoscope. 

Class 12 English Flamingo NCERT Solutions

This book, Flamingo includes 8 prose chapters and 6 poems in total-

Popular PCMB Reference books & Additional Resources

All the important numericals, equations, concepts, theories and handwritten notes PDF from all PCMB chapters have been comprehensively covered and provided in each of the articles below.

Also Check,